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GSS 1972-2022 Cumulative Datafile - Release 2


Social Welfare and Taxation

educopequal opportunity to obtain education?
Text of this Question or Item
73a. Does everyone in this country have an opportunity to obtain 
an education corresponding to their abilities and talents?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
educop
1
yes
2
no
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 71.4
1,028
28.6
411
-
22
-
0
-
12
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
2,904
1998 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
-
0
-
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
4,510
2008 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
-
0
-
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
0
-
3,544
COL TOTAL 71.4
1,028
28.6
411
-
22
-
70,917
-
12
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
govcaregovt concern for social welfare
Text of this Question or Item
73b. for some time there have been discussions about how 
concerned the government should be about the social welfare of 
people. We have listed here two different opinions. With which 
opinion do you agree the most?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
govcare
1
too much care
2
on right track
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 26.6
367
73.4
1,013
-
75
-
0
-
18
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
2,904
1998 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
-
0
-
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
4,510
2008 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
-
0
-
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
0
-
3,544
COL TOTAL 26.6
367
73.4
1,013
-
75
-
70,917
-
18
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
eqwlthshould govt reduce income differences
Text of this Question or Item
74a. Some people think that the government in Washington ought 
to reduce the income differences between the rich and the poor, 
perhaps by raising the taxes of wealthy families or by giving 
income assistance to the poor. Others think that the government 
should not concern itself with reducing this income difference 
between the rich and the poor. Here is a card with a scale from 
1 to 7. Think of a score of 1 as meaning that the government 
ought to reduce the income differences between rich and poor, 
and a score of 7 meaning that the government should not concern 
itself with reducing income differences. What score between 1 
and 7 comes closest to the way you feel?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
eqwlth
1
the government should reduce income differences
2
3
4
5
6
7
the government should not concern itself with reducing income differences
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.s
skipped on web
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 19.5
146
11.0
82
17.4
130
21.0
157
10.8
81
7.6
57
12.6
94
-
11
-
771
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,532
1980 17.3
246
9.6
136
16.7
238
20.4
290
12.6
180
7.4
106
16.0
227
-
40
-
0
-
5
-
0
100.0
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 20.2
315
11.0
171
16.4
256
17.8
278
11.4
177
8.4
131
14.8
230
-
38
-
0
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,599
1984 21.3
306
12.4
179
15.5
223
17.5
251
13.3
191
8.1
117
11.9
171
-
24
-
0
-
11
-
0
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 23.3
338
9.0
130
17.1
247
20.9
302
11.0
160
6.1
89
12.6
182
-
19
-
0
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,470
1987 22.8
408
9.0
160
17.2
307
20.7
369
12.2
218
5.8
103
12.4
221
-
25
-
0
-
8
-
0
100.0
1,819
1988 19.8
193
9.8
95
18.5
180
20.2
197
12.4
121
7.7
75
11.5
112
-
21
-
484
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,481
1989 17.9
182
13.0
132
19.6
199
20.3
206
11.4
116
7.1
72
10.6
108
-
18
-
502
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,537
1990 21.6
188
12.3
107
18.0
157
21.8
190
9.2
80
6.4
56
10.7
93
-
25
-
473
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,372
1991 20.4
201
12.8
126
17.5
173
20.3
200
12.5
123
7.6
75
9.0
89
-
27
-
500
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 17.8
184
11.8
122
19.4
201
18.1
187
12.6
130
7.8
81
12.6
130
-
18
-
549
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,606
1994 14.6
289
9.3
183
16.3
322
21.3
420
14.8
292
8.5
167
15.3
303
-
27
-
981
-
8
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 17.7
331
10.7
200
16.2
303
21.8
409
12.7
237
8.4
158
12.5
234
-
45
-
979
-
8
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 15.1
282
9.7
181
17.7
331
21.5
402
11.4
213
8.4
157
16.2
303
-
35
-
921
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 16.3
301
11.7
217
15.9
294
20.2
374
14.0
258
8.7
160
13.3
245
-
38
-
921
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 19.4
175
9.3
84
18.2
164
19.7
177
13.9
125
7.3
66
12.1
109
-
11
-
1,853
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 19.8
171
9.2
80
17.6
152
19.4
168
12.4
107
7.4
64
14.2
123
-
10
-
1,936
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 21.2
415
9.6
187
16.4
320
21.0
410
13.0
254
7.6
149
11.3
221
-
28
-
2,521
-
5
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 23.6
319
8.6
116
17.3
234
17.8
240
13.2
178
6.9
93
12.5
169
-
15
-
658
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 18.0
244
7.8
106
16.1
219
18.3
249
15.8
215
7.3
99
16.7
227
-
12
-
667
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 24.5
324
10.0
132
14.7
194
18.1
240
11.2
148
6.3
84
15.3
202
-
12
-
636
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 21.8
365
9.9
165
15.0
251
17.0
284
13.9
232
7.2
121
15.1
253
-
15
-
851
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 23.3
451
12.8
248
15.3
297
16.9
328
13.2
255
7.6
147
10.8
210
-
15
-
911
-
5
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 22.5
347
10.0
154
17.7
272
16.9
260
14.4
221
7.7
119
10.8
166
-
21
-
785
-
3
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 33.1
882
9.1
242
12.2
325
14.6
389
9.4
249
5.7
153
15.8
421
-
2
-
1,360
-
0
-
9
100.0
4,032
2022 33.3
783
8.4
198
13.7
322
14.3
337
10.1
237
5.4
127
14.8
347
-
12
-
1,173
-
4
-
4
100.0
3,544
COL TOTAL 21.6
8,386
10.1
3,933
16.3
6,311
18.9
7,314
12.4
4,798
7.3
2,826
13.4
5,190
-
564
-
32,946
-
109
-
13
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
eqwlthygovt reduce income differences-version y
Text of this Question or Item
74b. Some people think that the income differences between the 
rich and the poor ought to be reduced, perhaps by raising the 
taxes of wealthy families or by giving income assistance to the 
poor. Others think that the government should not concern itself 
with reducing this income difference between the rich and the 
poor. Here is a card with a scale from 1 to 7. Think of a score 
of 1 as meaning that the government ought to reduce the income 
differences between rich and poor, and a score of 7 meaning that 
the government should not concern itself with reducing income 
differences. What score between 1 and 7 comes closest to the way 
you feel?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
eqwlthy
1
govt reduce diff
2
3
4
5
6
7
no govt action
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 19.4
145
8.3
62
19.2
144
22.7
170
11.2
84
8.0
60
11.2
84
-
19
-
761
-
3
100.0
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
2,904
1998 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
-
0
-
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
4,510
2008 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
-
0
-
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
0
-
3,544
COL TOTAL 19.4
145
8.3
62
19.2
144
22.7
170
11.2
84
8.0
60
11.2
84
-
19
-
71,619
-
3
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
taxr's federal income tax
Text of this Question or Item
75. Do you consider the amount of federal income tax which you 
have to pay as too high, about right, or too low?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
tax
1
too high
2
about right
3
too low
4
r pays no income tax (vol.)
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.s
skipped on web
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 60.4
871
33.8
488
.6
9
5.1
74
-
49
-
0
-
8
-
0
100.0
1,499
1977 68.1
995
28.9
423
.8
11
2.3
33
-
61
-
0
-
7
-
0
100.0
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 71.4
988
28.3
391
.3
4
.0
0
-
66
-
0
-
19
-
0
100.0
1,468
1982 72.6
1,285
25.8
457
.4
7
1.2
22
-
73
-
0
-
16
-
0
100.0
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 64.2
917
33.2
475
.6
8
2.0
29
-
30
-
0
-
14
-
0
100.0
1,473
1985 62.3
925
33.2
493
.5
7
4.0
59
-
47
-
0
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 62.4
1,077
34.3
591
.9
15
2.4
42
-
76
-
0
-
18
-
0
100.0
1,819
1988 56.6
533
40.3
380
1.1
10
2.0
19
-
33
-
504
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,481
1989 58.0
576
38.5
382
1.1
11
2.4
24
-
36
-
504
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,537
1990 61.2
531
38.1
331
.7
6
.0
0
-
34
-
455
-
15
-
0
100.0
1,372
1991 58.0
541
40.8
380
1.2
11
.0
0
-
46
-
524
-
15
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 56.5
582
42.3
436
1.3
13
.0
0
-
29
-
531
-
15
-
0
100.0
1,606
1994 64.8
1,240
34.4
658
.8
16
.0
0
-
60
-
996
-
22
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 67.2
1,242
31.9
589
.9
16
.0
0
-
68
-
981
-
8
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 66.2
1,176
32.8
583
1.0
17
.0
0
-
91
-
950
-
15
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 66.5
1,178
32.5
576
1.0
17
.0
0
-
74
-
956
-
16
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 60.7
546
38.3
345
1.0
9
.0
0
-
24
-
1,841
-
0
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 60.5
532
38.0
334
1.5
13
.0
0
-
18
-
1,914
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 58.2
1,134
40.6
792
1.2
23
.0
0
-
53
-
2,507
-
1
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 55.6
729
42.7
560
1.6
21
.0
0
-
41
-
671
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 51.1
631
47.0
580
1.9
23
.0
0
-
41
-
763
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 50.2
636
47.6
603
2.3
29
.0
0
-
34
-
666
-
6
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 57.3
956
40.9
683
1.8
30
.0
0
-
42
-
824
-
3
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 55.2
1,011
42.2
774
2.6
48
.0
0
-
48
-
977
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 54.1
829
43.4
664
2.5
38
.0
0
-
39
-
774
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 56.1
1,478
41.1
1,082
2.8
74
.0
0
-
10
-
1,364
-
0
-
24
100.0
4,032
2022 62.3
1,414
35.7
811
2.0
46
.0
0
-
57
-
1,203
-
4
-
9
100.0
3,544
COL TOTAL 61.0
24,553
36.9
14,861
1.3
532
.8
302
-
1,280
-
30,597
-
232
-
33
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
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